Headlines
Warning! Commit Any of These Offences on Election Day and Go to Jail
As Nigerians head to the polls for the 2023 general elections to elect leaders in various capacities across the country, certain rules have been laid down for which offenders are liable to penalties ranging from fine, jail terms or both.
Against this background, it’s critical that the electorate get to intimately understand the laws and what constitutes as electoral offences and how to avoid all that before, during and after the elections.
According to the Independent National Electoral Commission, INEC, anyone in breach of any of these provisions is liable to being arrested and charged to court and prosecuted by INEC after investigation by the relevant Security Agencies.
The offences and corresponding penalties are contained in the Commission’s Electoral Offences and Penalties published in February 2019.
These are some of the electoral offences prescribed by Nigerian Law as of December 31, 2018.
Voter Registration
OFFENCE: Registering more than once, unlawful possession of a voter’s card, selling or buying of voters card
PENALTY: A fine not exceeding N100,000 or imprisonment for one year or both
OFFENCE: Giving false information in any application for registration as a voter
PENALTY: A fine not exceeding N500,000 or 12 months imprisonment or both
OFFENCE: Hindering another person from registering as a voter
PENALTY: A fine not exceeding N500,000 or 5 years imprisonment or both.
OFFENCE: Impersonating a registration official, carrying out registration of persons illegally or forging a registration card
PENALTY: A maximum fine of N1,000,000 or 12 months imprisonment or to both.
Nomination
OFFENCES:
(a) Forging a nomination paper or result form;
(b) Wilfully defacing or destroying a nomination paper or result form;
(c) Delivering to an electoral officer a forged nomination paper or result
(d) Signs a nomination paper or result form as a candidate in more than one constituency at the same election
PENALTY: Person who commits an offence under subsection (1) of this section is liable on conviction to a maximum term of imprisonment for 2 years.
Ballot Papers and Ballot Boxes
OFFENCES:
a. Unlawful possession of a ballot paper
b. Illegal printing of ballot papers
c. Illegal production or importation of ballot boxes.
PENALTY: A maximum fine of N50,000,000 or for a term of imprisonment of not less than 10 years or both.
Disorderly Behaviour at Political Meetings
OFFENCE: To act in a disorderly manner or be in possession of offensive weapon of a political meeting
PENALTY: A maximum fine of N500,000 or imprisonment for 12 months or both
Improper Use of Voter Card
OFFENCE: Unlawful giving of a voter’s card to some other person for use at an election other than, an officer appointed to do so; being in possession of more than one voters cards
PENALTY: A maximum fine of N1,000,000 or imprisonment for 12 months or both
Improper Use of Vehicles
OFFENCE: Conveying any person to a registration office or to a polling unit by government vehicle or boat, except in respect of a person who is entitled to use such vehicle or boat
PENALTY: A maximum fine of N500,000.00 or imprisonment for six months or both
Impersonation and Voting when not Qualified
OFFENCE: A person voting or attempting to vote at an election when he/she is not qualified, or inducing a person to vote at an election knowing that such person is not qualified.
PENALTY: A maximum fine of N500,000 or 12 months imprisonment or both.
Dereliction of Duty/ False result
OFFENCE: A Polling Officer failing to report on time or to discharge his duties on an election day without lawful excuse
PENALTY: On conviction to a maximum fine of N500,000 or 12 months imprisonment or both.
OFFENCE: Announces or publishing a false election result
PENALTY: 36 months imprisonment.
Announcing or Publishing A False Election Result
OFFENCE: Returning Officer or Collation Officer or person delivering a false certificate of return.
PENALTY: 3 years imprisonment without an option of fine.
Bribery and Conspiracy: Vote Buying
OFFENCES
a. Paying money to any other person for bribery at any election. On conviction to a maximum fine of N500,000 or 12 months imprisonment or both.
b. Receiving any money or gift, for voting or to refrain from voting at any election.
PENALTY: A maximum fine of N500,000 or imprisonment for 12 months or both
Requirement of Secrecy in Voting
OFFENCES:
a. Not maintaining the secrecy of voting at a polling unit.
b. Interfering with a voter casting his vote
PENALTY: A maximum fine of N100,000 or to imprisonment for a term of 6 months or both.
Wrongful Voting and False Statements
OFFENCES:
a. Illegal voting at an election
b. Publishing any statement of the withdrawal of a candidate or about his personal character.
PENALTY: A maximum fine of N100,000 or imprisonment for a term of 6 months or both.
Voting by Unregistered Persons
OFFENCE: To bring into a polling unit during an election a voter’s card issued to another person
PENALTY: A fine of N100,000 or to imprisonment for a term of 6 months or both.
Disorderly Conducts at Elections
OFFENCE: Inciting others to act in a disorderly manner
PENALTY: A maximum fine of N500,000 or imprisonment for a term of 12 months or both.
OFFENCES:
Within a distance of 300 meters of a polling unit
a. Canvassing for votes, persuading any voter not to vote for any particular candidate or being in possession of any offensive weapon, wear or display any notice, symbol, photograph or party card
b. Using any vehicle bearing the colour or symbol of a political, loitering around a polling unit blaring siren.
OFFENCE: Snatching or destruction of any election material
PENALTY: 24 months imprisonment.
Undue Influence
OFFENCE: Accepting money or any other inducement during an election.
PENALTY: A fine of N 100,000 or imprisonment for a term of 12 months or both.
Threatening
OFFENCES:
a. Threatening a person with violence or injury to compel that person to vote or refrain from voting
b. Preventing any political aspirant from free use of the media vehicles, mobilization of political support and campaign at an election;
PENALTY: A fine of N1,000,000 or imprisonment for a term of 3 years.
Campaign and Campaign Finance
OFFENCE: Unlawful possession of a weapon at a political rally or voting centre
PENALTY: A maximum fine of N2,000,000 or imprisonment for a term of 2 years or both.
OFFENCE: Threatening any person with violence during any political campaign
PENALTY: In the case of an individual, to a maximum fine of N1,000,000 or imprisonment for a term of 12 months. In case of a political party, a fine of N2,000,000 in the first instance, and N500,000 for any subsequent offence.
OFFENCES:
Campaigning in public earlier than 90 days before polling day or ending it less than 24 hours to the election.
A political party, advertising in a newspaper , radio or TV less than 24 hours before polling day
PENALTY: A maximum fine of N500,000
OFFENCES:
Employing State apparatus including the media to the advantage or disadvantage of any political party or candidate at any election.
Unequal allocation of Media time among political parties or candidates
PENALTY: A maximum fine of N500,000 in the first instance and to a maximum fine of N1,000,000.00 for subsequent conviction.
OFFENCE: Broadcasting or publishing any material for the purpose of promoting or opposing a particular political party or a candidate during 24 hours immediately preceding or on polling day.
PENALTY: A maximum fine of N500,000 or to imprisonment for a term of 12 months and in case of a body corporate shall pay a maximum fine of N1,000,000
Offences relating to finances of a political party
OFFENCE: A Political Party possessing any fund outside or retaining funds or other asset remitted to it from outside Nigeria
PENALTY: Forfeiture of the funds or assets to the Commission and in addition may be liable to a fine of not less than N500,000.
Limitations on Election Expenses and Contribution to a Political Party
OFFENCE: A Presidential Candidate incurring more than N1,000,000,000 as election expenses.
PENALTY: Presidential election, to a maximum fine of N1,000,000 or imprisonment for a term of 12 months or both
OFFENCE: A Governorship candidate incurring more than N200,000,000
PENALTY: Governorship election to a fine of N800.000 or imprisonment for a term of 9 months or both
OFFENCE: A Senatorial and House of Representatives candidates exceeding N40,000,000 and N20,000,000 respectively.
PENALTY: Senatorial election to a fine of N600,000 or imprisonment for a term of 6 months or both House of Representatives election to a fine of N500,000 or imprisonment for a term of 5 months or both;
OFFENCE: A candidate for State Assembly election spending more than N10,000,000.
PENALTY: State House of Assembly election to a fine of N300,000 or imprisonment for a term of 3 months or both;
OFFENCE: A candidate for Chairmanship of an Area Council incurring more than ten million naira N10,000,000
PENALTY: In the case of Chairmanship election, to a fine of N300,000 or imprisonment for a term of 3 months or both
OFFENCE: In the case of Councillorship election to an Area Council, exceeding more than the maximum of election expenses of one million naira N1,000,000
PENALTY: Councillorship election, to a fine of N100,000 or imprisonment for a term of one month or both
OFFENCE: An individual or other entity donating more than N1,000,000 to any candidate.
PENALTY: A maximum fine of N500,000 or imprisonment for a term of 9 months or both.
OFFENCES:
Aiding a candidate to forge or falsify a document relating to his expenditure at an election Imprisonment for a term of 10 years.
Refusal by a political party to submit its election expenses to INEC in a separate audited return within 6 months after an election
PENALTY: A maximum fine of N1,000,000 and in the case of failure to submit an accurate audited return within the stipulated period, the court may impose a maximum penalty of N200,000 per day on any party for the period after the return was due until it is submitted to the Commission.
OFFENCE: A political party shall not incur election expenses beyond the limit stipulated in this Act. A political party which contravenes this subsection commits an offence and is liable on conviction.
PENALTY: A maximum fine of N1,000,000 and forfeiture to the Commission of the amount by which the expenses exceed the limit set by the Commission.
United States of America lawmakers have sharply contradicted the Nigerian government’s position on the ongoing massacres in the country, describing the violence as “escalating,” “targeted,” and overwhelmingly directed at Christians during a rare joint congressional briefing on Tuesday.
The closed-door session – convened by House Appropriations, Vice Chair Mario Díaz-Balart, as part of a Trump-ordered investigation – examined recent killings and what Congress calls Abuja’s “deeply inadequate” response.
President Trump has asked lawmakers, led by Reps. Riley Moore and Tom Cole, to compile a report on persecution of Nigerian Christians and has even floated the possibility of U.S. military action against Islamist groups responsible for the attacks.
At the briefing, Vicky Hartzler, chair of the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom, warned that “religious freedom [is] under siege” in Nigeria, citing mass abductions of schoolchildren and assaults in which “radical Muslims kill entire Christian villages [and] burn churches.” She said abuses were “rampant” and “violent,” claiming Christians are targeted “at a 2.2 to 1 rate” compared with Muslims.
While acknowledging Nigeria’s recent move to reassign 100,000 police officers from VIP protection, Hartzler said the country is entering a “coordinated and deeply troubling period of escalated violence.” She urged targeted sanctions, visa bans, asset freezes and tighter conditions on U.S. aid, insisting Abuja must retake villages seized from Christian communities so displaced widows and children can return home.
The strongest rebuke came from Dr. Ebenezer Obadare of the Council on Foreign Relations, who dismissed Abuja’s narrative that the killings are not religiously motivated. He called the idea that extremists attack Muslims and Christians equally a “myth,” stressing the groups operate “for one reason and one reason only: religion.” Higher Muslim casualty figures, he argued, reflect geography, not equal targeting.
Obadare described Boko Haram as fundamentally anti-democratic and accused the Nigerian military of being “too corrupt and incompetent” to defeat jihadist networks without external pressure. He urged Washington to push Nigeria to disband armed religious militias, confront security-sector corruption and respond swiftly to early warnings.
Sean Nelson of ADF International called Nigeria “the deadliest country in the world for Christians,” claiming more Christians are killed there than in all other countries combined and at a rate “five times” higher than Muslims when adjusted for population. He said extremists also kill Muslims who reject violent ideologies, undermining Abuja’s argument that the crisis is driven mainly by crime or communal disputes.
He pressed for tighter oversight on U.S. aid, recommending that some assistance be routed through faith-based groups to avoid corruption. Without “transparency and outside pressure,” he said, “nothing changes.”
Díaz-Balart criticised the Biden administration’s reversal of Trump’s designation of Nigeria as a “country of particular concern” in 2021, saying the decision had “clearly deadly consequences.” Lawmakers from the Appropriations, Foreign Affairs and Financial Services committees signaled further oversight actions as they prepare the Trump-directed report.
Hartzler pointed to recent comments by Nigeria’s Speaker of the House acknowledging a “coordinated and deeply troubling period of escalated violence,” calling it a rare moment of candor. She also welcomed the redeployment of police officers as “a promising start after years of neglect.”
But she stressed that these gestures are far from sufficient, insisting the Nigerian government must demonstrate a real commitment to “quell injustice,” act swiftly on early warnings, and embrace transparency.
The Nigerian Embassy did not immediately respond to a request for comment, according to source.
Headlines
Book of Infamy: Umo Eno, Umar Bago, Egbetokun Listed Among Media Unfriendly Public Officers
Niger and Akwa Ibom state governors, Umar Bago and Umo Eno respectively, have been listed in the “Book of Infamy” by the International Press Institute (IPI) Nigeria as the worst offenders of media repression in the country.
The IPI also included the Inspector General of Police, Kayode Egbetokun, in the blacklist for continued police harassment and attacks on journalists.
This was made known on Tuesday during the IPI Annual Conference in Abuja, with Vice President Kashim Shettima and Minister of Information and National Orientation, in attendance.
At the conference, IPI President Musikilu Mojeed said the governors and the police chief have consistently prevented journalists from performing their legitimate responsibilities.
He said, “Mohammed Umar Bago, Niger Governor, Umo Eno, Governor of Akwa Ibom and the IG of Police, Kayode Egbetokun, are hereby written in the book of infamy.”
Mojeed added that Egbetokun was added for “failing to uphold his constitutional duties and allowing systematic media oppression”.
In recent years, media reports have highlighted multiple instances of repression under the two governors.
In August 2025, Governor Umar Bago was reported to have ordered the closure of Badeggi FM, a privately owned radio station in Minna, Niger State, accusing it of inciting violence.
The station was sealed by security agents, prompting condemnation from rights organisations such as Amnesty International and the Nigerian Bar Association, which described the move as unlawful and an attack on independent journalism.
Earlier in 2025, a postgraduate student at Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai, Isah Mokwa was reportedly arrested and detained after criticising Governor Bago on social media.
In Akwa Ibom State, under Governor Umo Eno, a Channels Television reporter and cameraman were expelled from the Government House Press Centre in May 2025 after airing a video in which the governor allegedly announced plans to defect from his political party.
President Bola Tinubu has named retired General Christopher Gwabin Musa as the new Minister of Defence.
This comes barely 24 hours after the presidency announced the resignation Of Mohammed Badaru Abubakar from the position.
While presidential spokesman, Bayo Onanuga, had said Badaru resigned on health grounds, the 63-year-old former Jigawa State governor’s resignation may not be unconnected with the recent surge in insecurity in the country.
Onanuga said, “In a letter to Senate President Godswill Akpabio, President Tinubu conveyed General Musa’s nomination as the successor to Alhaji Mohammed Badaru Abubakar, who resigned on Monday.”
General Musa, 58, served as Chief of Defence Staff from 2023 until October 2025.
He won the Colin Powell Award for Soldiering in 2012.
Born in Sokoto in 1967, General Musa received his primary and secondary education there before attending the College of Advanced Studies in Zaria. He graduated in 1986 and enrolled at the Nigerian Defence Academy the same year, earning a Bachelor of Science degree upon graduation in 1991.
In 2019, he served as Deputy Chief of Staff, Training/Operations, Headquarters Infantry Centre and Corps; Commander, Sector 3, Operation Lafiya Dole; and Commander, Sector 3 Multinational Joint Task Force in the Lake Chad Region.
In 2021, General Musa was appointed Theatre Commander, Operation Hadin Kai. He later became Commander of the Nigerian Army Infantry Corps before being appointed Chief of Defence Staff by President Tinubu in 2023.
In the letter to the Senate, President Tinubu expressed confidence in General Musa’s ability to lead the Ministry of Defence and further strengthen Nigeria’s security architecture.
